http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/9b82d76c55323203046a7a53994b31d7.jpg 240154d8e54b3daf38ee19642ed7d290 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (1) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to cover of Horses to Poland http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/95694dfde1fa24bf4d28f32dff032583.jpg 67fda4647e9421e1959704f48ee67f96 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (2) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to title page of Horses to Poland HORSES TO POLAND By Dale M. Tippett Original Diary - 1946 Revised and Published - 1991 [Signature - Dale M. Tippett] Copyright @ 1991 http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/e3b6f80ad3967c73bf626b8456460e0b.jpg 5909dc81c175a4b02d0ab4205a27ae68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (3) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page I of preface to Horses to Poland POLAND - 1946 Preface by Dale M. Tippett During Spring Quarter 1946, I read in the Ohio State Lantern (newspaper) about a program sponsored by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Act (UNRRA). They were looking for volunteers to care for livestock on board ships that were traveling to war-torn countries in Europe. The round trips took three to four weeks during the Summer and early Fall. Volunteers were preferred who had experience working with livestock, particularly cows and horses. The minimum age was sixteen. I wrote to the UNRRA office in Washington D. C. and received more information about the program. It sounded great. Ships were hauling horses and cows to Italy, Poland and other countries where much of their livestock was lost during World War II, which ended about a year earlier, August 1945. Here was an opportunity to see other parts of the world and UNRRA would pay us each $150 when we finished the trip. (Not bad money for a month's work when OSU fees were $20 per quarter, the going hourly pay rate was 35 cents per hour, and a Hershey bar or Coke was 5 cents.) I made application in late May with hopes that I could get a trip in late July or early August. (After the hay was in the mow, wheat and oats threshed, cow and horse barn cleaned and time left to get back to OSU in time for Fall Quarter.) I had talked with Pop and Mom about the possibility of the trip. Pop was excited. Really, I think he would liked to have gone too but someone had to look after our own cows and horses. Hal liked the idea. We both talked to some of our friends and we wound up with five of us being accepted; Hal and I, and Don Work - my Galena friend, Lee Crawford - Hal's friend in Berkshire and Wendell (Windy) Carnes, from the Condit area I believe. I was the "senior" at the age of eighteen. Don and Windy were each about seventeen, Hal and Lee were Sixteen. Here are a few little things that I remember about the trip that I failed to mention in the diary 1. When we arrived in Newport News the dock workers were on strike. This caused the delay in our boarding ship. - I - http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/860eb67b3afe19ce0934ac3a23c4ee57.jpg 1f148c4a8dd915e841735a2b6dd50771 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (4) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page ii of the preface to Horses to Poland 2. Mr. Riley and Mr. Carter were preachers - probably in their middle to late thirties, real nice. One of them became sea sick soon after we departed port and didn't recover until we reached Poland. 3. We had 777 horses on board our ship with all but our 86 below deck. Don Work, Windy Carnes, Lee Crawford and I were fortunate to have top deck assignments. Hal was below deck. We had more horses for the four of us to care for than below deck assignments but the fresh air alone was a big advantage when it wasn't raining. 4. We didn't lose any of our horses. They lost 28 below deck. Hal lost one of his 33. As horses died, they were hauled up on deck with one of the cranes and dropped overboard. 5. "Pulling hay", as I remember, was just that. It was stored below deck and we used a winch with rope and pulley to pull it up to top deck for our horses. That was a little back breaking for us. Each of us were about the same weight and height, all about 115 - 120 lbs. and 5' 7" tall. - II - http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/22a07c62198e8f77980d51c2c402ba66.jpg 7fce10dd8df8467da6d65d665a7d392d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (5) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page iii of the preface to Horses to Poland CALENDAR 1946 May - Read about UNRRA program, Filed an application to participate. August 15 - Received telegram to report to New Orleans on the next day. Aug 16 - Arrived at 8:26 p.m. Aug 17 - Was told to go to Newport News, Va. Aug 19 - Arrived at 3:30 a.m. Aug 27 - Assigned to ship - loaded hay and feed Aug 28 - Loaded 777 horses Aug 30 - Set sail - Sea sick Aug 31 - Storm - I feel much better Sept 2 - Black cat had kittens Sept 3 - Ten horses have died - "shipping fever" Sept 5 - Nice Fall day Sept 7 - Entered English Channel Sept 8 - Saw the White Cliffs of Dover. Sent letters to Pop and Mom. Passed a mine in North Sea Sept 9 - Passed through the Kiel Canal Sept 10 - Sailing the Baltic Sea between island of Bornholm and Sweden mainland. Sept 11 - Arrived in Noviport harbor in Poland. Took shore leave. Saw Polish Army parade. Sept 12 - Horses being unloaded, ship cleaned. Went to Danzig (Gadansk) on tramway. UNRRA took us on a tour and gave us a good dinner. Sept 13 - Visited a battlefield east of town. Sept 14 - Left Noviport. Sept 15 - Went through Keil Canal. Sept 16 - Loaded more water to stabilize ship at Keil. Set sail for home and OSU. Sept 27 - Arrived in Newport News. Took Greyhound bus home. -III- http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/a84ef75638c9ec4cb97fdd4d14441e8e.jpg 51d2d425b6b2c97db00c3d9b9e181bcb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (6) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to unnumbered page 1 of Horses to Poland POLAND - 1946 Diary by Dale M. Tippett Thursday, August 15, 1946 - 7:30 a.m. We received a telegram yesterday saying that we were to be in New Orleans, Louisiana Friday morning August 16. The earliest we can get there is 6:30 p.m. We left Columbus on the 2:05 p.m. Pennsylvania RR to Cincinnati. There we took the Southern Railroad to New Orleans. The fare was $24.29 each, one way. Pop gave us $70 in travelers checks and I had $14 and some odd change besides. We had a lot of stuff to eat with us so we haven't had to buy much yet. We left Cincinnati at 7:00 p.m. Our first big stop was Lexington, Kentucky. The next was Chattanooga, Tennessee. I went to sleep at about 10 o'clock. Friday, August 16, 1946 Arrived - Birmingham, Alabama at 1:30 a.m. The first town after I woke up after daylight (I woke up off and on all night) was Collinsville, Alabama. The next big one was Attalla. Here we noticed that the train station was divided into white and colored sections. The soil here is quite red. Most side roads are dirt. We have seen some cotton. The corn isn't very good. There is a lot of pine everywhere. The scenery was about the same all the way. We did get into some cypress swamps just over the Mississippi boarder. The trees had grey Spanish moss hanging from the branches. The cattle and horses are all pretty poor. There were a lot of lumber yards all along the way after we entered Alabama. A lot of the wood was cut up into pieces about 5 feet long to be made into wood pulp and fiberboard. The tree stumps are made into explosives. We arrived in New Orleans at 8:26 p.m. We got a room at the LaSalle Hotel just across the street from the train terminal for $5.00. It has two single beds and one double, a private bath, and a telephone. The humidity is so high that everything feels sticky and hot. There is a large overhead fan in our room, thank heaven for that. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/fd18741dd416033ae50c72b61dfe0e6a.jpg 71ac7769ff08b0254952c81ba1cdda32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (7) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 2 of Horses to Poland Page 2 Monday, August 19, 1946 - (continued from the 16th) I'm thoroughly disgusted. When we went to the office of the Hampton Company in New Orleans Saturday morning we were told that the Customs office closed at noon Friday and wouldn't be open until Monday. The ship that we were to get sailed Sunday for Trieste, Italy. There were two fellows from Missouri and three from Kansas there also. They had placed a call to Mr. Ziegler in New Windsor, Maryland to find out what to do. (We had to pay for the call, 48 cents each). Ziegler said to come right to Newport News, Virginia and we could get a ship right away. We left at 10 a.m. C.S.T., Saturday morning on a Greyhound bus. ($16.48) The back of the bus was "reserved" for colored people. Most of the time there weren't many or any there so we slept there some. We came by way of Gulfport and Mobile along the Gulf on U. S. Route 19. Some of the larger cities that we came through were: Montgomery, Alabama - Atlanta, Georgia - Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina and Portsmouth, Virginia. We arrived here in Newport News, Virginia at 3:30 a.m. this morning, Monday August 19, 1946. We went down to Pier X where the Brethren Service Committee (BSC) is located. They told us how to get our Seaman's cards and also that we wouldn't be able to get a ship before Saturday. We got bunks and lockers for 60 cents per day at the Catholic Maritime Club. It is really nice. My suit case got beaten up pretty badly but the Greyhound Company is going to fix it up. (Ha, Ha, 3/13/'47) Tuesday, August 20, 1946 We got up early this morning and went to Norfolk to get our Seaman's cards. Getting the cards was easy. All we had to do was present our birth certificates, social security cards, three pictures, and application for Seaman's card to the officer there. They had us sign two papers and our Seaman's card. Then they finger printed us. After they had all of the information they wanted they made up the cards. The cards were sealed between two layers of celluloid that was put under terrific pressure with a hydraulic jack and then heated for ten minutes. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/72bbec6d49a2009d287c8c77282fcec6.jpg f7eb37c5b345c9a482bbf36b30774e5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (8) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 3 of Horses to Poland Page 3 The trip to downtown Norfolk cost a total of 70 cents round trip. They were as follows; 5 cents one way on bus to ferry - 20 cents one way on ferry - 10 cents or 3 for 25 cents on street car down town. It took about half an hour to cross on the ferry and 45 minutes to go downtown from the ferry. After we got back from Norfolk we went right down and signed up for our $2.50 maintenance pay that we will receive each day that we have to wait for a ship. Kimbell told us there is supposed to be one ship leaving Wednesday, one Thursday, and two Friday. (But don't bet on it, the dock workers are on strike.) We would probably get one Friday. We found a very good place to eat. It is in a woman's home. She serves food in large dishes just like home and there is no limit to the amount that you can eat. One noon meal consisted of: mashed potatoes, roast beef, meat patties macaroni and cheese, baked beans, iced tea, hot rolls, green beans, sliced tomatos - all for 50 cents. I ran into Windy (Wendell) Carnes this evening, he arrived Monday at about 4 P.M. Wednesday, August 21, 1946 I went to Norfolk with Windy today to get his Seaman's card. We got back about 4 o'clock. Mr. Kimbell told us he thought we could get a ship out Friday. TIME SCHEDULE OF SHIPS LEAVING NEWPORT NEWS SHIP - DESTINATION - DATE Hart - Poland - Tue 8/20 Payne - Poland - Wed 8/21 Rafael Rivera - ?? - Fri 8/23 Luckenbach - Poland - Wed 8/28 Monohan - Poland - Thr 8/29 Cedar Rapids Victory - Poland - Friday 8/30 Thursday, August 22, 1946 At about 7:00 a.m. this morning there was a call for eight men from our dorm. A little later they called all the guys from New Orleans (that's us). We went right down but they said we were too late. They had needed seven or eight men for an emergency crew for the RAFAEL RIVERA. They had called more men than was needed so as to be sure to get enough. They plan to leave tomorrow. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/b1d74d0be21c60f3f4477f0aa8c76376.jpg d6bde6261e55a1d30c360bd60e87035e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (9) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 4 of Horses to Poland Page 4 I washed out some clothes this morning, two tee shirts, three pairs of shorts, two pairs of socks, two handkerchiefs and a towel. I got them pretty clean too. We reported back to BSC this evening only to find out that no ships would leave Friday, Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. It might be possible to sign on one Monday and leave Tuesday or Wednesday. The Carrier Mt. Whitney is due here tomorrow and will leave sometime next week. It carries a crew of about 80 (most of them carry crews of about 30) and travels at about 20 knots. From what I have heard the carrier is pretty nice. It made this last trip in 25 days. We are about 50th on the list now. Cows are being shipped now. Most ships are going to Poland. There is a dance going on here tonight but I don't think I will go. I'm not very good at dancing. Maybe I'll take dance lessons next quarter. Cards to Mr. & Mrs. Fuller. Letters to Doris Fuller and Don Fairchild. Friday, August 23, 1946 Don and I went down to the BSC this morning to see if we could wait for the USS Mt. Whitney. He said no but that it might be the next ship out. It didn't come in today but will tomorrow. (I hope and he says) He told us to report Monday morning at 7:45. This probably means signing on a ship. I did very little of importance today. Just ate, slept and read. Lee and I did go for a walk down along the dock to take some pictures. I saw the movie "WESTERN UNION" here tonight. It was still good. Cards to Ed Lake and Rover Day. Saturday, August 24, 1946 I phoned home for money this morning. Mom sent Hal and I each $10. I went on a USO tour to Williamsburg today. Williams- burg was the original capital of Virginia. John D. Rockefel- ler, Jr. spent about four million dollars restoring it to its original condition. Nearly the whole city has colonial architectural buildings. We went through the Governor's Palace first of all. It is really a palace too. All of the woodwork is solid walnut with natural finish. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/9081b4c49b3be11dd1437b0368faafa2.jpg b759e6f201371be500c02dfd889582f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (10) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 5 of Horses to Poland Page 5 All door knobs and hinges are made of solid brass and all candle holders, of which there were many, were made of either solid silver or silver gilt (solid silver dipped in gold). Of course all of the metal was polished to a high gloss and was really beautiful. The walls in one room were covered with leather covering instead of wall paper. The leather had a design embossed in it that was gilted. There was a ball room with really beautiful furnishings. It had three crystal glass chandeliers hanging from the ceiling that must have cost a fortune. There was a ten acre garden in back of the palace that was covered with shrubs, fruit trees, and flowers. It certainly must cost a lot to keep it up. The capital building has the British flag flying from it. It is the only building in the United States that is allowed to fly the British flag except the British Embassy, of course. Some of the houses had Venetian blinds (the name is derived from the word Venice where they were first made) which were made in the seventeen hundreds. They are almost exactly like the ones made now. All of the colonial homes had large gardens behind them that must have kept several Negroes busy mowing the grass and trimming the hedges. We also stopped at the Wyeth House, Paradise House, Raleigh Tavern, and jail. On the way back we visited the famous Yorktown Battle Grounds. Most of the country around here is covered with trees owned by the state. There are very few dairy farms here. Dairy products are ten to fifteen cents for a half pint of milk. Some farmers have started cutting corn. Letters to Bill Whitney, Doris. Sunday, August 25, 1946 We received a special delivery, air mail letter from Mom and Pop today. We did very little today. Hal and I went to the movie, "The Outlaw" at a theater in Hampton (it was lousy). http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/94a4c90b5bb3bc5462e0d059c5565307.jpg cb2066da5cb14a7996cd7b59e28695c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (11) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 6 of Horses to Poland Page 6 Monday, August 26, 1946 When we reported at 7:45 this morning and the roll was called for a crew for the "Luckenbach" we were missed by about five men. The S. S. CEDAR RAPIDS VICTORY and the S. S. MONOHAN are supposed to sign on tomorrow. Herb told me he would put the ones of us that came from New Orleans on the Cedar Rapids Victory. The Cedar Rapids Victory is a very good looking ship. It has a new black and red paint job that really sets it off. I stepped off the length at 160 yards, more than one and a half times the length of a football field. Our quarters, cargo booms, masts, and ventilators are painted buff and black. The forward compartment is painted white. The smokestack is painted black. There are six cargo booms aft and eight forward. Our cabin has 24 bunks. Our toilet is across the alley way. There is a cabin with four bunks, four large lockers, an electric fan and a private shower room down the alley way to the left. The two night watchmen from our group have a private cabin to our right and across the alley. Three empty gun turrets are on top of our quarters. I went down to the terminal stock yards to take pictures this morning. I noticed a truck full of dead horses parked on the grounds. It didn't look to me as though the horses could get enough water. In one large pen there was only one watering tank that I cold see. There were two men, one white with a rope and a colored with a stick, at the watering tank in the pen that were trying to keep the horses away from the tank. It looked as though they were trying to make them take turns. That's not good. Lee and I went through the "Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company" this afternoon. One ship under construction will be launched next March. Another one will be launched in November I believe. Two or three ships are in dry dock. The passenger ship "AMERICA" is there undergoing repairs. It is really a beautiful ship. Guards wouldn't allow us very near it but said it will be opened to the public about the 5th of October. Tuesday, August 27, 1946 Rex, Lee, Don, Hal and I were assigned to the Ceder Rapids Victory this morning. Windy was assigned to the Monohan but he offered $10 to some guy to change ships with him. And the sucker did it too. Herb sent us (30 + two foreman + one supervisor) over to Murphy at the Terminal Stock Yards to get our physicals, tetanus shots, and to sign the articles. We boarded the ship at 4:00 o'clock. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/35eccebf1fcc4e0b932038849f93bce0.jpg ef38d25051f6adf659e28533926010fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (12) Subject The topic of the resource Corresponds to page 7 of Horses to Poland Page 7 8 photos captioned as follows: SS CEDAR RAPIDS VICTORY A HORSE FOR POLAND Cattlemen - Supers - Vets Head Cow Boy That's me on The RIGHT! WHITE CLIFFS OF DOVER Cattlemen Supervisors - Rear COOK - Mess Boy - Right Church - Minister (cattlemen) Foreground & RT. Rear http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/0c73bd450049de7aa5ad6fef75a7b0e7.jpg 87d3dd529fd831c60f7155959982e68d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (13) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 8 of Horses to Poland Page 8 I went down to the port office to mail home Hal's and my birth certificates, a camera film and some other things. Windy was there and wanted me to go with him to get an ice cream cone but I refused to go. He intended (we thought) to go with Rex and Lee to the pier in a taxi but when the taxi arrived Windy wasn't around. A little while after we arrived at the pier Windy came riding up in a car with some girl. (there were two more in the back seat) He told us he just happened to be stopping in at the jewelry store that her father owns (he made acquaintance last week) and just mentioned something about being at Pier 9 and that he had a lot of luggage to carry. Of course with all of these hints no decent girl could hardly refuse to take him to the pier if she had the facilities and he knew she did. To top it all Windy got the cabin with only four bunks, electric fan, private bath and large lockers. We get to sleep on the boat tonight but there won't be any meals until tomorrow morning. We were issued two sheets, three towels, one pillow case, one bed spread and two cakes of soap. We moved from Pier nine to Pier Six to load hay tonight. Our hay and oats were sent here from Brazil. We have been taking on fuel oil all afternoon and tonight. Wednesday, August 28, 1946 My bunk sleeps very well. I didn't wake up until 6:50 this morning. The mess hall and galley are being cleaned up today so we don't get anything to eat until tomorrow. Hay and feed is being loaded on board now. I have written the last few pages from aft, port side gun turret. It is a very good place to watch from, write and I believe that it would be a good place to sleep. It is armored with about 2" of steel. It's location and approximate size is given below. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/bef3c224fd9f9a8b867b70fd5179813e.jpg b534e58e3a837899af35ad18ab9b24cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (14) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 9 of Horses to Poland Page 9 9:20 p.m. Horses are being loaded now. 10:00 p.m. We just had a meeting topside. Here are some of the rules: 1. Don't fill water buckets over half full. 2. Watch for these things about horses: a. off feed b. smelling c. diarrhea and constipation d. get down 3. Water horses before feeding 4. Get help to get a horse up 5. Throw bailing wire overboard 6. Keep drains clear of hay 7. When cleaning stalls - use only two hoses at once. 8. Stay out of midship 9. Write letters and give to supervisors to mail at pilot boats in the English Channel Thursday, August 28, 1946 We started with the horses today. We have a total of 777 horses. Don, Windy, and I were assigned to topside aft. We have 86 horses to care for. Hal and Lee are below deck. A lot of the horses have "shipping fever." Two horses died today. Most of ours seem to be in pretty good condition but the shipping fever can kill them pretty fast. There are a few really good horses in our group. We ate on board for the first time this morning. Of all things to have they would serve eggs, sunny side up. I ate them. The food is very good We are to ship out tonight at 12:00 midnight. There is a really friendly black cat here that is going to have kittens. Friday, August 30, 1946 We set sail at 2:15 last night. I have been seasick all day. It is an awful feeling. The darn boat rolls around all the time. As long as I am lying down I feel pretty good but just as soon as I get up I get sick again. I couldn't eat any breakfast or supper. It rained a couple of times today but didn't get rough. There is a loudspeaker in this cabin that is turned to a radio station all of the time. A little mule was born this morning. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/2f554ce5be81cbb8a8fdfef61ce7d88f.jpg 4646846c1465706ebfb0ad375e7d0c76 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (15) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 10 of Horses to Poland Page 10 Saturday, August 31, 1946 There is an awful storm today. I haven't been as sick as I was yesterday. The boat rocks something awful. Sunday, September 1, 1946 The storm is over but the ocean is still very rough. I haven't been sick hardly at all today. Five horses have died now. The ship crew dump them overboard and the sharks eat them. We are headed at 80 degrees East. Monday, September 2, 1946 We changed from the northern route to the southern route last night. We are headed about strait east. Today has been very nice. The ocean is quite calm now. I don't think anybody has been sick all day. The black cat had four black kittens this morning. They were under some of my baled hay. Everybody in the deck crew here seems to be very nice. Some of them even help us feed and water the horses. None of our 86 horses are ever sick yet. Five more horses died today which makes a total of 10. The little mule is coming along fine. It is really beautiful tonight. There is about half of a moon out behind us and the stars are really bright. It is the first pretty thing that I have seen on this trip. I am going to try to photograph it in a little while. Don and I drug some clothes overboard today to wash them. It really works if you rinse them in pure water before drying them. Tuesday, September 3, 1946 Five more horses and the mule colt died today, a total of sixteen. I talked quite a while with the veterinary today. He owns 150 acres in Canada. He has a herd of about thirty registered Jerseys. He gets about $3.50 for 80 lbs of milk. He told me the Captain said we should be in Poland next Monday night or Tuesday. There is a Minister on board that is from Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the town for which this ship is named. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/02b6a57b3c33ff6956f249435b13dce8.jpg e5a73c04d562edd29e8ef316b59ca795 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (16) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 11 of Horses to Poland Page 11 Today has been a nice day but the water is getting rougher. We pulled hay again today. I think there is enough to last for three days. We met two more ships today. It is a rumor that we passed the Azores this morning. It isn't too bad on here now as long as the weather stays nice, but if it rains our work on topside will be pretty bad again. I have to admit, the air is sure a lot fresher than below deck. Wednesday, September 4, 1946 I'm writing on a pile of baled hay on hatch 5. It is kind of cold today and is a little overcast now. It is very much like fall. It certainly seems funny for me to be riding on top of a pile of baled hay out in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. I am used to seeing nothing but water by now. We do usually see a couple of ships a day. The water is clear as glass but there are an awful lot of swells that cause the ship to rock a lot. Thursday, September 5, 1946 I'm writing this on the 6th because the ship rolled too much yesterday to write. The sky was overcast all day and it was cold and disagreeable. It reminded me a lot of a fall day. I was about sick with a cold. So was everybody else. Friday, September 6, 1946 It is a little brighter today and not so cold if you stay out of the wind. There isn't a white cap in sight but the ground swells cause the ship to rock a lot. Chris (the supervisor) says that such large swells is an indication of nearing land. (The ship tilts as much as 40 degrees sometimes.) We saw a large sailboat this morning. This is another good indication of nearing land. Except for being weak I feel much better today. The sun just cam out fro behind a cloud and is shining down on me. This is the first time the sun has shown for two or three days. I am sitting on hatch #5 on some sacks of oats with a loading crate to my back, the sun is in front of me and to the left. It is 2:00 p.m. You figure out the direction. I was just informed that we are going to pull hay out of hold 4.. I hope that we can pull enough to last. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/cb03bb03c41db2d22c58027771fe3054.jpg 1d428a7b2e92ae56b75b61bc609664b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (17) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 12 of Horses to Poland Page 12 Saturday, September 7, 1946 They say we are in the channel now but we still haven't seen land. There has been a sea gull following us all day though and we have seen a lot of ships. The sky has been overcast all day and it started to rain at about 3:30 this afternoon. We still haven't been able to finish pulling our hay but we have enough to last anyway, I think. It is still kind of cold. Hal & I wrote a letter to Pop and Mom and will mail it on the Pilot boat. It costs 30 cents. Later, about 9 PM. It's times like these that make me wonder why I ever left home. All of the time we were putting down hay, it rained. If this is typical England weather, I don't think I would like England. In any other job, even a dog wouldn't be made to work in this weather. We had to work for about an hour and a half or two hours in a fine rain driven by cold wind. And to top it all, it was getting dark. After I finished I went into the cabin and took off all of my wet clothes (every thing was soaked but my shirt and sweater) and then took a good hot shower. While I was taking a shower "Ga" (our foreman) came in and told us that we would have to put down some more hay. I got back into my wet clothes (the only dry ones I have is a pair of filthy pants) and put down more hay. It had stopped raining so that wasn't so bad. Oh well, I asked for it. Sunday, September 8, 1946 We saw land when we got up this morning. It looked good. The weather has cleared and visibility is pretty good. We passed the White Cliffs of Dover at about 10:30. We were about 7 miles from them. The crew dropped anchor at 11:00 a.m. to wait for a Pilot. France is just barely visible on the eastern horizon now. There are a lot of sea gulls flying all around. England countryside along the channel is beautiful. Fields, farm homes and barns are quite visible now. It is getting darker behind us but lighter ahead. There is a real green patch of land directly across from us. It is too green for pasture. There are some fields that look like good pastures. There are a lot of white cliffs all along the channel but the Cliffs of Dover are really white. Here comes our Pilot boat now. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/f24ec150ec04d4e23979d34b147955c6.jpg 055d99bd33214c5189721dfd4570fa3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (18) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 13 of Horses to Poland Page 13 Later - 1:30 p.m. One of the fellows on board the Pilot boat came aboard and talked with us. The Pilot stayed and ate dinner with Captain. Some of the fellows traded American cigarettes for British cigarettes. We talked the fellow that came aboard into eating with us. He had just eaten but he did eat some turkey and peach pie. He said he hadn't had a candy bar in three months so Mr. Riley, Don and I gave him eight Hershey bars. He gave us an English newspaper. The first paper we've seen for eleven days. He is a very nice fellow. About 25 years old I would say. They all had that distinct English accent. The Pilot plotted our course and then went back to his boat. It's days like this that make me glad I left home. I have noticed a number of windmills along the English coast. Most of their buildings have the Old English styling. We are beginning to move now at 1:50 p.m. The sky is overcast but it doesn't look to much like rain. We had a very good dinner today. Turkey, mashed potatoes, carrots, dressing, cauliflower, and peach pie for dessert. Tongue could be substituted for turkey and soup was available for dinner as usual. The sun just came out, 2:05. We lost sight of land at 4:30. There is a fairly official rumor that we just missed a mine by about 25 feet last night. This entire area is mine infested. We could see a group of five mine sweepers off to the west of us this afternoon. We had ice cream for dessert tonight. Boy! What a day! Mr. Riley from Kansas City and Mr. Carter from Cedar Rapids, Iowa conducted church services this afternoon. They read some PSALMS and we sang some songs. The mersmen (merchant marines) attended too.. (This boat is vibrating something awful) It has warmed up a lot today. One of my horses laid down twice. Doc gave her a shot of something. We have 25 horses dead now. This is a good record they tell me. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/f89825ac1fe730233d755be4a1fdb60a.jpg 1cc66749351c3176bf0168570fd32a54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (19) Subject The topic of the resource Corresponds to page 14 of Horses to Poland Page 14 Monday, September 9, 1946 Mr. Riley had 620 film for his 120 camera so he sold me 3 rolls and gave me one that had been opened. I sold one of my Verichromes to another fellow that was afraid to use Ansco Plenachrome. (The ones that I bought were Ansco Plenachrome) I paid 35 Cents per roll. We are not in sight of land yet but there are a few sea gulls and we are supposed to be at the Kiel Canal at 1:00 p.m. It is now 11:15 a.m. Rain can be seen coming in from two or three miles off. We had two little showers this morning. The water here is much greener than it was in the Atlantic. We have been in the North Sea since we left Dover. Later - 11:15 p.m. (Clock advanced two hours) We arrived at the Kiel Canal at 5 o'clock and started through it at 5:30. I noticed the farm land along the Elbe River comes right down to the waters edge. The land is quite level. I have seen quit a few large herds of Holsteins and Ayrshire cattle. Most of the children are barefooted and the boys wear shorts. Before it got dark they ran along the canal and yelled at us to give them cigarettes. Corn is cut and shocked all along here. There are very few fences in the fields. Every bit of land is used. The only war damage that I have seen so far is a burned out freight train. Most of the homes look pretty nice. I think they are equipped with electricity. The pasture looks very good. I got to take a few pictures at the entrance of the canal but it soon got too dark to take pictures. Our time was two hours behind theirs so we jumped two hours when we finished chores. We have passed under some huge bridges. I certainly hope we pass through here in the daytime coming back. Tuesday, September 10, 1946 We left the Kiel Canal at about 4 a.m. this morning. Some of the boys got up to trade cigarettes for things at the end of the canal. Lee got a pair of cheap binoculars for four packs. Hal bought a couple medals. Windy go two very nice medals for 3 packs each and a very nice bracelet. The mess boy got a "SIDA" miniature 35 mm. camera for 4 packs. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/ac9d51a9204fc6ee58f1144f184e5207.jpg e3d3b21342028f989a94e83ae99f6fcd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (20) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 15 of Horses to Poland Page 15 8 photos captioned as follows: HARBOR ENTRANCE FREEPORT OF DANZIG CUSTOMS GUARDS from Fantail NOWYPORT CAME OUT OF WAR PRETTY GOOD NOWYPORT DOCK MAKING HAY NEAR NOWYPORT POLAND DANZIG (GDANSKU) DEVASTATED http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/13385d3d50f71e1ee7f90f4208ee176c.jpg 5a44e49ecb0665f08f1c13591bb8aba5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (21) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 16 of Horses to Poland Page 16 It looks like a fairly decent camera. It has a leather case that is worth more than the cigarettes. We have been wandering all over the Baltic today. We are following a mine cleared area that is market by buoys. We have gotten off the beaten path a number of times. As far as I can tell we just passed between the island of Bornholm and the mainland of Sweden. We are supposed to reach Danzig tomorrow morning but I think we will be late. I think we will be doing very well if we make it by noon. When we get away from the mainland it gets quite cold. Except for the cold wind it has been very nice all day. The sun has shown all day. We have been in sight of land most of the day but, if my figures are right, we won't see any more until morning. Later. When the sun set at about 7:30 tonight it was only a little after noon at home but Pop and Mom could look at the same sun at the same time five thousand miles from here. It seems impossible. There is a beautiful full moon that can be enjoyed at home tonight too. Wednesday, September 11, 1946 They were right, we arrived at the Danzig harbor at about 5 a.m. We are being towed to a pier by a tug now. The tug is flying an American flag. Ga got drunk last night and really raised hell. Rex had his share too. A "Pole" came aboard this morning and wanted to buy cigarettes for 1000 Charlottes. Nobody sold any. We are watching our cabin close for intruders. The first thing that I heard this morning was a group of men singing at they marched to work. There are Russian soldiers all along here. We just passed an UNRRA truck. We are now passing the "Boulder Victory." It is also a cattle boat. A lot of the buildings around here have been bombed. There are Russian soldiers on the Boulder Victory. There is a lot of reconstruction going on. Also a lot of cleaning up. The water is so dirty, it is brown. It stinks too. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/067fce2ff7dc1de100de998e81b04dab.jpg 3f54ddcd07dc710bc1fc3aa6c97b7e75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (22) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 17 of Horses to Poland Page 17 The railroad tracks are narrow gauge I believe. We just threw out our line at 7:30 a.m., Wednesday, September 11, 1946 at the port of Danzig, Poland. I am mistaken about being in Danzig. It is New Port (Nove Port) which is about three miles east of Danzig (GDANSK). I am also mistaken about the Russian soldiers, they are Polis (Polack) soldiers. We got shore leave at about 1:00 p.m. We went to a suburb of Danzig (GDANSK). I think it was called Sopot. We bought a number of things there. We got 120 zloty for one pack (packet) of cigarettes. (Zigettrets) Hal managed to get 100 zloty for a Hershey bar but most people and stores would only pay 40 or 50 Zlote. There hasn't been much damage here. This little town is pretty nice. Most of the goods are very reasonable. We saw a Polish Army parade here. They didn't have any mechanized equipment at all. All guns were pulled by horses. As we were leaving town a man that had lived in Boston, Massachusetts for twenty years, stopped us and wanted to sell a Ziudkon camera. It had a 6.5 lens and shutter speed up to 125. He wouldn't accept cigarettes. He wanted 15 American dollars. Rex bought it. We then walked the three miles back to Novi Port. I helped Dwaine clean up after supper for a half carton of cigarettes. He has 80 cartons. Polack men are taking off our horses and cleaning out the manure. Thursday, September 12, 1946 We went to Danzig on the tramway this morning. Downtown Danzig is in complete ruins. The markets are set up in the streets and wrecked buildings. A big fat fellow stopped me in the market area and ask if I wanted a pair of binoculars. Of course I did but I had been offered a lot of them and I was being a little particular. This pair was 6 x 24 power, not quite as powerful as some but they were in very good condition. They didn't have a central adjustment but they did break in the center. He wanted 3 cartons of cigarettes. I didn't have even one full carton but I wanted them pretty badly. I told him I would give him two cartons and he accepted without hesitation. I borrowed one carton from Lee and part of a carton from Hal. I have compared my binoculars with nearly http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/7e2931bf2ed15686f7e79329cedac9e9.jpg 6e27dd5f2ed660a81719618e2eab3788 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (23) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 18 of Horses to Poland Page 18 all of the ones on board and Rex has the only ones that show any appreciable difference. I am very well satisfied. This afternoon UNRRA officials took us on a tour. They took all of us from the Cedar Rapids Victory and a few boys from the R. R. Rivera. We drove around Danzig a while, went past the Communist headquarters, and then went to Gdynia. We stopped there for an hour to shop and look around. I thought prices were pretty high so I didn't buy anything. Gdynia is a pretty nice town. It wasn't hardly touched by the war. From Gdynia we went to Sopot to a restaurant to eat. It was called the Emitage. They served a salad and dried fish for the first course. Wadka was served with the first course also. Beet juice soup (it turned out to be wine) was the second course. The third and main course consisted of fish, french fried potatoes, pickles and tomatos, beer, and koniack. The dessert was ream filled cookies that were very much like Nabiscos. After the banquet we went back to the boat. Friday September 13, 1946 I went to a battle field twice, once with Dwaine, and once with Riley. We found an ammunition trailer and some unexploded shells in the fields. I took some pictures of them. There were some trenches in the fields and a couple little farm houses that looked undamaged. The Captain wanted to take aboard a couple of his friends. Customs officers wouldn't let him, so he kicked off all of the soldiers on board. When he did this they shut off the water we were taking on for ballast for the trip home. We picked up more water at Keil later. Saturday, September 14, 1946 Left port at 1:00 p.m. - nice day. It is a good thing we are leaving, the Polacks are all riled up about kicking them off. The Captain gave away one of our kittens last night, only one left. Delivered 749 horses alive - two dead. A total of 28 died and the baby mule. Monday, September 16, 1946 We arrived in Keil at the canal yesterday. We tied up and took on enough water to hold the ship down in the water, enough to keep it fairly stable. We are on our way home now. http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/e74bbd05b1c63c3527c22da88142b187.jpg 2f6f81c5068278da9d89e7953cfb63d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (24) Description An account of the resource Corresponds to page 19 of Horses to Poland Page 19 Sunday, September 22, 1946 Mr. Carter and Mr. Riley held church services this morning. We met aft, portside next to our gun turret. The weather was perfect. The sun was shining and just enough breeze to make it real comfortable. The preachers are real good. We really enjoyed the camaraderie of the service with the singing hymns we all know. Not much work to do. Some of us have been helping the deck hands paint some of the rigging and upper deck. I have been reading a lot and visiting some with the veterinary. He is really nice. Canada sounds like a nice place to visit someday. The weather has been real good but the ship rocks a lot because, even with the water for ballast, it doesn't set very deep in the water. The propeller is just barely below the surface. I am beginning to think about being home and going back to OSU. Classes begin next Wednesday I believe. Pop was going to register me for classes since we didn't get home in time for me to do it. I hope he didn't have any trouble with registration. Friday, September 27, 1946 Arrived in Newport News at about 2:00 a.m. Checked by customs officers and left ship about noon. We still have one kitten. We left it on board for the next crew to enjoy, The end. poland.fnl 11/12/1991 http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/d063f71460df295cef78ba01777b9faf.jpg fcbff7fc2ac9e604b10d4db32a8d3028 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (25) Description An account of the resource Dale M. Tippett - (Retired) 692 Winmarplace South Westerville, Ohio 43081-1307 Phone (614) 891-5938 March 1994 VITA A couple of years before the great depression set in I was born in a home built by my parents , adjacent to my grand- parents farm in Delaware County near Sunbury , Ohio. There, I was reared on the farm. My dad was an elementary school teacher and principal (for forty-seven years) and part-time farmer. My grandfather was a salesman, farmer and local politician. They both had a profound influence on my interests and ambitions. I was active in 4-H (Reporter), Boy Scouts (original "Lone Scout" troop), and the FFA (Reporter and Vice President). Agriculture Education was my major at The Ohio State University. During the nearly six years ( as a F-T/P-T student) I took to complete undergraduate school I had many interesting jobs: Ag Student reporter, busboy Pomerene Refectory, agriculture market reporter for WOSU, farmer, Delaware County Agriculture Extension Service 4-H Club assistant, OSU mailman , Ohio State Fair Junior Sheep Department Assistant. And I was active in the OSU Grange and 4-H (Program Chairman one year). Following graduation I taught Vocational Agriculture at http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/94f5afaf701480e743330d2013a2e8ff.jpg d805c95381f2791bab7f9b03f9d11462 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (26) Description An account of the resource Buckland High School in Auglaize County for two years then I joined Sears, Roebuck and Company in Lima, Ohio. During the fourteen years with Sears, I worked in sales and management in most of the store's hard-line departments, and managed the customer appliance department. Then I sold radio and television sets as a commissioned salesmen while attending graduate school at OSU. I never lost my interest for teaching. I left Sears as a full-time employee and went back to OSU to complete a Master of Arts degree in Marketing with a minor in Marketing. I served as Distributive Education Cooridinator (now known as "Marketing Education") at Hamilton Township High School in southern Franklin County before joining the Columbus State Community College (Columbus Technical Institute) in July 1967 as Wholesale Technology Coordinator. In 1970 I was appointed Vice President for Student Services and served in that capacity until my appointment as Dean of the newly established Business and Public Services Division in 1978. As business and industries became more and more interested in upgrading their employees' technical skills, CSCC expanded the Business & Industry Department to "Division" status. In September 1983 I was appointed to the new position of "Dean of the B & I Division." Then, as evening and weekend enrollment grew to almost equal the daytime enrollment, Columbus State administration created the http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/905ebbf4e50710039a4cd05f7c4fca2a.jpg 35a09e266fa5b4146b573c01b006a318 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (27) Description An account of the resource position of "Director of Evening Services," reporting directly to the President. I applied for the new position and was appointed in October 1985. Rosemary and I have been married for forty-four years. Our children are: Susan, printing department supervisor for the Center on Education and Training for Employment at OSU; Nanette, living in a Washington D C suburb, recently completed her Masters Degree in Secondary Science Education; and is now teaching seventh and eighth grade science; George, flying with the American Airlines from Hawaii and "thinking" about going for an MA in "Fine Arts History Education ". We have lived in Westerville since 1969 , only 11 miles from where we started. I am a member of the United Methodist Church, National Rifle Association, Advisory committee for the Marketing Technology at Columbus State, Iota, Lambda Signa -past Secretary-Treasurer (Vocational Education Fraternity), Delta Pi Epsilon- past Treasurer (Graduate Marketing/Office Education Fraternity-inactive), and Alumni Associations for OSU Department of Agriculture Education and the Stadium Dormitory. I am also a life member of the Ohio Retired Teachers Association and of the Franklin County Retired Teachers Association. My onyx elephants attest to my rather conservative political affiliation. Community college administration became a way of life for us. However, we do dabble a little in other things 3 http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/bf39fdd062ceb2bf9fde77c029b683bb.jpg 571014df785e5d4c75f23e7dbc488a2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (28) Subject The topic of the resource Description An account of the resource too. I'm not much of a sports fan but Rosemary makes up for it as an avid baseball and football fan. I'm more of the hunter type, although I don't hunt much any more ( kids had a fit about my shooting those poor little squirrels and rabbits). My hobbies include hiking, tinkering with my IBM PC XT , helping Rosemary in the garden, and tropical fish. I retired from Columbus State Community College at midnight ( or a little after) December 31, 1991. During the first year of retirement much of our time getting used to a "non-working" schedule. (Now I wonder how I ever had time to mow the yard, walk the dog, clean the house, read the paper-books-magazines, and all the other things I do now.) We did do some extensive landscape upgrading, put a new roof on the house and painted the exterior. In March 1993 we did take a wonderful trip to the "Big Island in Hawaii and was able to visit with George there. And we visited Nanette and our -son - in -law John, in Washington D.C. in April at the height of the Cherry Blossoms, and again in September. 4 DMT/dt VITA http://delawarecountymemory.org/files/original/6d5bbac2fc4e8a8081d010e251123b14.jpg 4a8a05b1dbe51234191b395e7b51a276 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland (29) Description An account of the resource Back cover Horses to Poland Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Family Histories Description An account of the resource This collection contains family histories that have been written by residents of the Big Walnut area. Items in this collection generally contain genealogical information about the families, personal anecdotes, and images of family members. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Horses to Poland Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dale M Tippett Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Diary Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 31086793 Subject The topic of the resource Local history--Ohio--Delaware County--Berkshire Township Personal narratives--Dale M.Tippet (1927-2006) United States--Foreign Economic Administration Appropriation Act, 1945 World War II, 1939-1945 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-RUU/1.0/ Description An account of the resource This diary, written in 1946 and revised in 1991, is Dale M. Tippett's account of his summer in 1946 hauling horses overseas to war-torn countries after the end of World War II.